Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death in most developed countries. In spite of this, the drugs available in the market for treatment of diabetes are more expensive with side effect. Therefore, there is a high demand of cost-effective novel natural antidiabetic drug without any side effect. In our investigation, we studied in silico the mechanism of secondary metabolites isolated from S. persica which modify the enzyme action, their in vitro   inhibitory activity of alpha amylase and  the phyto-constituent analysis those are responsible for its activity. In silico study revealed that kaempferol from S. persica is a most effective metabolite which can bind, interact and modulate the activity of all enzymes with much higher binding affinity and lesser binding energy such as -4.58 kcal/mol for alpha amylase, -4.76 kcal/mol for beta glucosidase, -4.97 kcal/mol for glycogen synthase kinase, -4.3kcal/mol for glucokinase and -3.85 kcal/mol for alpha glucosidase. Aqueous extract of S. persica has a high ability with 72.39% inhibition value to inhibit the activity of alpha amylase and 376μg /ml IC₅₀ value in comparison with standard drug which show 65.99% inhibition value. Total 15 compounds have been detected in TLC analysis in different solvent system and different extracts. Kaempferol might be one of them, which attribute to the anti-diabetic property. Further purification and characterization of kaempferol is required, which may prove a probable anti-diabetic drug

Vocabulary and successful reading comprehension appear to be intertwined, according to top researchers in the field. This paper will explore research about the latest methods that are proven to work in vocabulary instruction and how to effectively implement them in the classroom. Experts in the field will be identified and their findings explored in this crucial area of literacy. Strategies and techniques along with ways to integrate technology to enhance learning will be provided to give a complete vision of the process of teaching vocabulary, and thus improve reading comprehension.

Given the increasing competitive nature of global markets, consumers are able to choose from an ever- increasing quality of products and services with constant declining prices. Hence, better understanding of B2B value co-creation activities that governs suppliers’ relationship with a direct impact on consumer is of great importance. The general purpose behind the study is that customers are willing to buy products only if consumers are in demand of the manufactured products, and therefore, the marketing efforts should target the ultimate consumer as opposed to the buyer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of B2B value co-creation on consumers in South East Asia’s manufacturing industry. The research questions of this study are as following; what is the impact of B2B value co-creation on consumer satisfaction? What is the effect of value co-creation behavior on repurchase Intention? What is the effect of value co-creation behavior on willingness to pay premium? Available literature that deals with B2B co-creation in South-East Asia is primarily concerned with examining the concept of value co-creation behavior and its impact within organizational settings, with little consideration given to B2B value co-creation from consumer standpoint. Hence, an approach that attempts to assess B2B value co-creation impact on the ultimate consumer provides a new insights and a greater understanding of B2B value co-creation relationship within this important geographical part of the Asian market. Findings show that B2B value co-creation activities have a positive impact on consumer satisfaction in SE-Asian manufacturing sector. Findings also reveal that B2B value co-creation activities have a positive effect on ultimate consumer repurchase intentions. This suggests that B2B activities involving value co-creation have a positive effect on ultimate product consumer repurchase intention.

MAP kinases and pathway proteins, such as ERK 1/2, may be associated with the etiology of mood disorders such as Bipolar Disorder, and these proteins have been identified as targets for mood stabilizers. There is evidence to suggest that ERK activation effects GABA secretion inhibition. This study was designed to measure phosphorylated ERK 1/2 and GABA in individuals with Bipolar Disorder and to begin to determine if there is a relationship between them.

Methods

We used ELISAs to measure the concentration of cellular, phosphorylated ERK ½ and plasma GABA levels in 34 individuals with Bipolar Disorder and 34 neurotypical, age and gender similar controls.

Results

We found that activated ERK 1/2 was significantly lower than in individuals with Bipolar Disorder compared to controls, and that these decreased levels correlated significantly with high GABA in these same patients.

Discussion

We suggest that in Bipolar Disorder, low ERK levels may result in high GABA, and that mood stabilizers, such as lithium and valproate, which act upon and raise ERK levels.